Changes in Medieval Society
Farmers began using a new type of harness that fitted across a horse's chest.
horses replaced oxen for plowing and pulling wagons; horses can plow 3x more than oxen.
Using tree-field system, farmers began to grow crops on 2/3 of their land each year, rather than half.
increased food production.
Merchant and craft guilds organize and change ways to do business.
More and better products are available.
The commercial revolution changes trade and banking practices.
serfs move to town; workers paid for labor.
As trade blossomed and farming methods improved, the population of western Europe rose from around 30 million to about 42 million between 1000 and 1150.
people move from manors to the town; town air makes you free (if you escape and live in a town for a year and a day, you are free).
As people left life on the manor for life in towns, they challenged the traditional ways of feudal society in which everyone had a place.
the emergence of the middle class.
Authors began writing in the vernacular.
literature was now available for the common people.
Growing trade and growing cities brought a are interest in learning.
birth of the universtiy.
Christian scholars from Europe visited Muslim libraries in Spain, and Jewish scholars translated Arabic copies of Greek writings into Latin.
europeans acquire a huge new body of knowledge including science, philosophy, mathematics, and law.
Three-Field System
A system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farmland was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted wit a spring crop, and left unplanted.
Guild
A medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members' wages and prices.
Commercial Revolution
The expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Burgher
A medieval merchant-class town dweller.
Vernacular
The everyday language of people in a region or country.
Thomas Aquinas
A scholar who argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument. He wrote the Summa Theologicae, which was influenced by Aristotle, combined Ancient Greek thought with the Christian thought of his time.
Scholastics
Scholars who gathered and taught at medieval European universities.
How did medieval society change between 1000 and 1500?
Agriculture, trade, and finance made significant advances. Towns and cities grew. Cultural interaction with the Muslim and Byzantine worlds increased the growth of learning and the birth of universities.
How did guilds influence business practices in medieval towns?
They controlled the number of goods being traded and to kept prices up. they provided security in trading and reduced losses. Guilds set standards for utility of work, wages, and working conditions.
How were Muslim scholars linked to the revival of learning in Europe?
Christian scholars from Europe began visiting Muslim libraries in Spain. Books began to be translated into Latin for people in Europe to read.
In what ways did burghers expand their freedom from landlords?
They organized themselves and demanded privileges. These included freedom from certain kinds of tolls and the right to govern the town. They sometimes took theses rights by force.
horses replaced oxen for plowing and pulling wagons; horses can plow 3x more than oxen.
Using tree-field system, farmers began to grow crops on 2/3 of their land each year, rather than half.
increased food production.
Merchant and craft guilds organize and change ways to do business.
More and better products are available.
The commercial revolution changes trade and banking practices.
serfs move to town; workers paid for labor.
As trade blossomed and farming methods improved, the population of western Europe rose from around 30 million to about 42 million between 1000 and 1150.
people move from manors to the town; town air makes you free (if you escape and live in a town for a year and a day, you are free).
As people left life on the manor for life in towns, they challenged the traditional ways of feudal society in which everyone had a place.
the emergence of the middle class.
Authors began writing in the vernacular.
literature was now available for the common people.
Growing trade and growing cities brought a are interest in learning.
birth of the universtiy.
Christian scholars from Europe visited Muslim libraries in Spain, and Jewish scholars translated Arabic copies of Greek writings into Latin.
europeans acquire a huge new body of knowledge including science, philosophy, mathematics, and law.
Three-Field System
A system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farmland was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted wit a spring crop, and left unplanted.
Guild
A medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members' wages and prices.
Commercial Revolution
The expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Burgher
A medieval merchant-class town dweller.
Vernacular
The everyday language of people in a region or country.
Thomas Aquinas
A scholar who argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument. He wrote the Summa Theologicae, which was influenced by Aristotle, combined Ancient Greek thought with the Christian thought of his time.
Scholastics
Scholars who gathered and taught at medieval European universities.
How did medieval society change between 1000 and 1500?
Agriculture, trade, and finance made significant advances. Towns and cities grew. Cultural interaction with the Muslim and Byzantine worlds increased the growth of learning and the birth of universities.
How did guilds influence business practices in medieval towns?
They controlled the number of goods being traded and to kept prices up. they provided security in trading and reduced losses. Guilds set standards for utility of work, wages, and working conditions.
How were Muslim scholars linked to the revival of learning in Europe?
Christian scholars from Europe began visiting Muslim libraries in Spain. Books began to be translated into Latin for people in Europe to read.
In what ways did burghers expand their freedom from landlords?
They organized themselves and demanded privileges. These included freedom from certain kinds of tolls and the right to govern the town. They sometimes took theses rights by force.
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