Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 Test Review
1.Prehistory is the period that begins with the appearance of the human being, about five million years ago, and finishes with the invention of writing, about 6,000 years ago. It is a long period divided into three stages: the Palaeolithic Age, the NeolithicAge and the Metal Age.
2.The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic or Palæolithic also called the Old Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory distinguished by the original development of stone tools that covers 99% of the time period of human technological prehistory .It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene 11,650 cal BP.
3.The Fertile Crescent is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq together with the southeastern fringe of Turkey and the western fringes of Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and Egypt. Some authors also include Cyprus.
The region has been called the "cradle of civilization" because it is where settled farming first emerged as people started the process of clearance and modification of natural vegetation in order to grow newly domesticated plants as crops. Early human civilizations such as Sumer flourished as a result.Technological advances in the region include the development of agriculture and the use of irrigation, of writing, the wheel, and glass.
4.The Neolithic also known as the "New Stone Age, the final division of the Stone Age, began about 12,000 years ago when the first developments of farming appeared in the Epipalaeolithic Near East, and later in other parts of the world. The division lasted until the transitional period of the Chalcolithic from about 6,500 years ago (4500 BC), marked by the development of metallurgy, leading up to the Bronze Age and Iron Age. In Northern Europe, the Neolithic lasted until about 1700 BC, while in China it extended until 1200 BC. Other parts of the world (including the New World) remained broadly in the Neolithic stage of development until European contact.
5.Agricultural Revolution was a shift from itinerant hunting/gathering to more permanent settlements centered on agriculture
6.Specialized Workers
Record keeping
Advanced Technology
Advanced Cities
Complex Institutions
Christianity is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life, teachings, and miracles of Jesus of Nazareth, known by Christians as the Christ, or "Messiah", who is the focal point of the Christian faiths. It is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population. Christians make up a majority of the population in 158 countries and territories. The basis of Christianity is that they believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah (the Christ) was prophesied in the Old Testament. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization.
Throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the various denominations of Protestantism.
Western culture, throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture, and a large portion of the population of the Western hemisphere can be described as cultural Christians. The notion of "Europe" and the "Western World" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christianity and Christendom" many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified European identity.
1.Nomads were highly mobile people who moved from place to place foraging, or searching, for new sources of food.
2.Nomadic Groups whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods are called hunter-gatherers.
3.This discovery would usher in the Neolithic Revolution, or the agricultural revolution—the far-reaching changes in human life resulting from the beginnings of farming.
4.Early Farming Methods Some groups practiced slash-and-burn farming, in which they cut trees or grasses and burned them to clear a field.
5.Meanwhile, hunters’ expert knowledge of wild animals likely played a key role in the domestication, or taming, of animals. They tamed horses, dogs, goats, and pigs. Like farming, domestication of animals
came slowly.
2.The agricultural revolution has had the most significant impact on agricultural development
The Beginnings of Agriculture. For thousands upon thousands of years, humans survived by hunting game and gathering edible plants. They lived in bands of 25 to 70 people. The men almost certainly did the hunting. The women gathered fruits, berries, roots, and grasses. Then about 10,000 years ago, some of the women may have scattered seeds near a regular campsite. When they returned the next season, they may have found new crops growing. This discovery would usher in the Neolithic Revolution, or the agricultural revolution—the far-reaching changes in human life resulting from the beginnings of farming.
3.CroMagnons used bone needles to sew clothing made of animal hides.
4. Change in climate was probably a key reason.
As populations slowly rose, hunter-gatherers felt pressure to find new food sources. Farming offered an attractive alternative. Unlike hunting, it provided a steady source of food.
5. • Africa The Nile River Valley developed into an important agricultural center
for growing wheat, barley, and other crops.
• China About 8,000 years ago, farmers along the middle stretches of the
Huang He (Yellow River) cultivated a grain called millet. About 1,000 years
later, farmers first domesticated wild rice in the Chang Jiang River delta.
• Mexico and Central America Farmers cultivated corn, beans, and squash.
• Peru Farmers in the Central Andes were the first to grow tomatoes, sweet
1.The region’s curved shape and the richness of its land led scholars to call it the Fertile
Crescent.
2.Fertile Crescent includes the lands facing the Mediterranean Sea and a plain that became known as Mesopotamia
3.Each city and the surrounding land it controlled formed a city-state.
4.Such a series of rulers from a single family is called a dynasty.
5.This process in which a new idea or a product spreads from one culture to another is called cultural diffusion.
6.The belief in more than one god is called polytheism.
7.By taking control of both northern and southern Mesopotamia, Sargon create the world’s first empire.
8.The Babylonian Empire reached its peak during the reign of Hammurabi, from 1792 B.C.
2.With flooding of the rivers unpredictable, how could farmers water their fields during the dry summer months?
To provide water, they dug irrigation ditches that carried river water to their fields and allowed them to produce a surplus of crops.
3. What were the three environmental challenges to Sumerians?
• Unpredictable flooding combined with a period of little or no rain. The land sometimes became almost a desert.
• With no natural barriers for protection, a Sumerian village was nearly defenseless.
• The natural resources of Sumer were limited. Building materials and other necessary items were scarce.
4. How did the Sumerians view the gods?
Crescent, the Sumerians believed that many different gods controlled the various forces in nature. The belief in more than one god is called polytheism.
5. What areas of life did Hammurabi’s Code cover?
The code lists 282 specific laws dealing with everything that affected the community, including family relations, business conduct, and crime. Since many people were merchants, traders, or farmers, for example, many of the laws related to property issues. Additionally, the laws sought to protect women and children from unfair treatment. The laws tell us a great deal about the Mesopotamians’ beliefs and what they valued.
2.The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic or Palæolithic also called the Old Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory distinguished by the original development of stone tools that covers 99% of the time period of human technological prehistory .It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene 11,650 cal BP.
3.The Fertile Crescent is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq together with the southeastern fringe of Turkey and the western fringes of Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and Egypt. Some authors also include Cyprus.
The region has been called the "cradle of civilization" because it is where settled farming first emerged as people started the process of clearance and modification of natural vegetation in order to grow newly domesticated plants as crops. Early human civilizations such as Sumer flourished as a result.Technological advances in the region include the development of agriculture and the use of irrigation, of writing, the wheel, and glass.
4.The Neolithic also known as the "New Stone Age, the final division of the Stone Age, began about 12,000 years ago when the first developments of farming appeared in the Epipalaeolithic Near East, and later in other parts of the world. The division lasted until the transitional period of the Chalcolithic from about 6,500 years ago (4500 BC), marked by the development of metallurgy, leading up to the Bronze Age and Iron Age. In Northern Europe, the Neolithic lasted until about 1700 BC, while in China it extended until 1200 BC. Other parts of the world (including the New World) remained broadly in the Neolithic stage of development until European contact.
5.Agricultural Revolution was a shift from itinerant hunting/gathering to more permanent settlements centered on agriculture
6.Specialized Workers
Record keeping
Advanced Technology
Advanced Cities
Complex Institutions
Christianity is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life, teachings, and miracles of Jesus of Nazareth, known by Christians as the Christ, or "Messiah", who is the focal point of the Christian faiths. It is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population. Christians make up a majority of the population in 158 countries and territories. The basis of Christianity is that they believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah (the Christ) was prophesied in the Old Testament. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization.
Throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the various denominations of Protestantism.
Western culture, throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture, and a large portion of the population of the Western hemisphere can be described as cultural Christians. The notion of "Europe" and the "Western World" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christianity and Christendom" many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified European identity.
1.Nomads were highly mobile people who moved from place to place foraging, or searching, for new sources of food.
2.Nomadic Groups whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods are called hunter-gatherers.
3.This discovery would usher in the Neolithic Revolution, or the agricultural revolution—the far-reaching changes in human life resulting from the beginnings of farming.
4.Early Farming Methods Some groups practiced slash-and-burn farming, in which they cut trees or grasses and burned them to clear a field.
5.Meanwhile, hunters’ expert knowledge of wild animals likely played a key role in the domestication, or taming, of animals. They tamed horses, dogs, goats, and pigs. Like farming, domestication of animals
came slowly.
2.The agricultural revolution has had the most significant impact on agricultural development
The Beginnings of Agriculture. For thousands upon thousands of years, humans survived by hunting game and gathering edible plants. They lived in bands of 25 to 70 people. The men almost certainly did the hunting. The women gathered fruits, berries, roots, and grasses. Then about 10,000 years ago, some of the women may have scattered seeds near a regular campsite. When they returned the next season, they may have found new crops growing. This discovery would usher in the Neolithic Revolution, or the agricultural revolution—the far-reaching changes in human life resulting from the beginnings of farming.
3.CroMagnons used bone needles to sew clothing made of animal hides.
4. Change in climate was probably a key reason.
As populations slowly rose, hunter-gatherers felt pressure to find new food sources. Farming offered an attractive alternative. Unlike hunting, it provided a steady source of food.
5. • Africa The Nile River Valley developed into an important agricultural center
for growing wheat, barley, and other crops.
• China About 8,000 years ago, farmers along the middle stretches of the
Huang He (Yellow River) cultivated a grain called millet. About 1,000 years
later, farmers first domesticated wild rice in the Chang Jiang River delta.
• Mexico and Central America Farmers cultivated corn, beans, and squash.
• Peru Farmers in the Central Andes were the first to grow tomatoes, sweet
1.The region’s curved shape and the richness of its land led scholars to call it the Fertile
Crescent.
2.Fertile Crescent includes the lands facing the Mediterranean Sea and a plain that became known as Mesopotamia
3.Each city and the surrounding land it controlled formed a city-state.
4.Such a series of rulers from a single family is called a dynasty.
5.This process in which a new idea or a product spreads from one culture to another is called cultural diffusion.
6.The belief in more than one god is called polytheism.
7.By taking control of both northern and southern Mesopotamia, Sargon create the world’s first empire.
8.The Babylonian Empire reached its peak during the reign of Hammurabi, from 1792 B.C.
2.With flooding of the rivers unpredictable, how could farmers water their fields during the dry summer months?
To provide water, they dug irrigation ditches that carried river water to their fields and allowed them to produce a surplus of crops.
3. What were the three environmental challenges to Sumerians?
• Unpredictable flooding combined with a period of little or no rain. The land sometimes became almost a desert.
• With no natural barriers for protection, a Sumerian village was nearly defenseless.
• The natural resources of Sumer were limited. Building materials and other necessary items were scarce.
4. How did the Sumerians view the gods?
Crescent, the Sumerians believed that many different gods controlled the various forces in nature. The belief in more than one god is called polytheism.
5. What areas of life did Hammurabi’s Code cover?
The code lists 282 specific laws dealing with everything that affected the community, including family relations, business conduct, and crime. Since many people were merchants, traders, or farmers, for example, many of the laws related to property issues. Additionally, the laws sought to protect women and children from unfair treatment. The laws tell us a great deal about the Mesopotamians’ beliefs and what they valued.
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